Forest Health Assessment in Four Jordanian Reserves Located in Semi-Arid Environments
نویسندگان
چکیده
Healthy forests are essential to human life because they provide food, energy, and other benefits including carbon sequestration. The objective of this study was assess the health status in Mediterranean ecosystems, specifically, arid semi-arid. Four forest reserves directed by Royal Society for Conservation Nature, Jordan were evaluated. Plant indicators [(gas exchange (photosynthesis, stomatal conductance, transpiration), chlorophyll, middy stem water potential (Ψsmd), relative content], regeneration, lichens, plant disease, as well soil variables (respiration CO2-C, electrical conductivity (EC), pH, microorganisms’ abundance) measured. Ψsmd values those semi-arid/arid ecosystems within normal ranges (−0.3 −1.3 MPa) spring but under extreme stress (−1.6 −5.3 summer three reserves. Similarly, gas reduced 25%–90% (compared spring) across studied forests. Although regeneration (seedling per 1000 m2) higher than 100 two (Ajloun Dibbeen), number seedlings hiking sites extremely low both Soil reveled that respiration CO2-C 25 mg kg−1 [Ajloun, Dibbeen, (except zone)]. mean saprophytes (number g−1) ranged from 86 377 In addition, arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (spores 100g−1 soil) between 350 877. EC consistently optimal (less 0.5 dS m−1) pH slightly basic (7.5–8.3) results revealed fluctuation rainfall anthropogenic pressures (grazing, hiking) led partial degradation. When (Dana Biosphere Reserve) received 81 mm annual precipitation, Juniperus phoenicea at −4.4 MPa, lichens less 20 m2, several trees dead after infected with air borne pathogens wilt diseases die back. Intensive activities (Dibbeen forests, tourism area) heavy grazing (Yarmouk frosts) respiration. Interestingly, native species had better relations (RWC, Ψsmd) performance introduced species. Overall, it is grow species, exclude pressure on territory conservation programs must persist sustain historical (>600 year old), Quercus ithaburensis (>500 Pinus halepensis (>100 old) semi-arid
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ژورنال
عنوان ژورنال: Forests
سال: 2023
ISSN: ['1999-4907']
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/f14050918